Free Essays on Ciceros On Duties

Summary of Cicero’s, On Duties This excerpt from the book, On the Good Life, is a letter from Cicero to his son. I couldn’t even imagine getting something like this from my father. It is full of great advice on how to live your life in such a way that you are regarded as a highly favorable person with impeccable morals. I agree with most of what Cicero has to say in his excerpt, On Duties. In this review I will summarize Cicero’s’ main arguments and his ideas for a better person and nation. I believe that Cicero wrote this book for intelligent individuals who wanted to attain power in life through morally positive avenues; it was written almost as an academic piece. It was also written as a gage with which a person who was reading it could weigh himself. Cicero begins the volume by relating to us why he has chosen Philosophy as his current field of study, his only field of study. He had once been a political leader but since the government â€Å"lay under domination of a single individual† (120) he was angry and sorrowful that he had lost some of his good friends to the uprising. That he was no longer able to practice politics deeply saddened Cicero. So to forget his sorrows he took up philosophy. Cicero believed that the best method for learning was philosophy because it literally meant love of wisdom. Even though Cicero thought himself a philosopher he was quick to disagree with those philosophers who he saw as tricky and misleading to the public. Cicero believed that the only way to â€Å"attain the objects of their desires† was â€Å"by moral goodness, both in thought and in action† (125). This leads us to Cicero’s classification of expediency and how it affects us as humans. Cicero classified the â€Å"things that go towards the maintenance of human life† (125) as either animate or inanimate. The inanimate objects consist of gold and silver and things from the earth. He then further classifies the animate into rationa... Free Essays on Ciceros On Duties Free Essays on Ciceros On Duties Summary of Cicero’s, On Duties This excerpt from the book, On the Good Life, is a letter from Cicero to his son. I couldn’t even imagine getting something like this from my father. It is full of great advice on how to live your life in such a way that you are regarded as a highly favorable person with impeccable morals. I agree with most of what Cicero has to say in his excerpt, On Duties. In this review I will summarize Cicero’s’ main arguments and his ideas for a better person and nation. I believe that Cicero wrote this book for intelligent individuals who wanted to attain power in life through morally positive avenues; it was written almost as an academic piece. It was also written as a gage with which a person who was reading it could weigh himself. Cicero begins the volume by relating to us why he has chosen Philosophy as his current field of study, his only field of study. He had once been a political leader but since the government â€Å"lay under domination of a single individual† (120) he was angry and sorrowful that he had lost some of his good friends to the uprising. That he was no longer able to practice politics deeply saddened Cicero. So to forget his sorrows he took up philosophy. Cicero believed that the best method for learning was philosophy because it literally meant love of wisdom. Even though Cicero thought himself a philosopher he was quick to disagree with those philosophers who he saw as tricky and misleading to the public. Cicero believed that the only way to â€Å"attain the objects of their desires† was â€Å"by moral goodness, both in thought and in action† (125). This leads us to Cicero’s classification of expediency and how it affects us as humans. Cicero classified the â€Å"things that go towards the maintenance of human life† (125) as either animate or inanimate. The inanimate objects consist of gold and silver and things from the earth. He then further classifies the animate into rationa...

Breakdown and Review of Where the Wild Things Are

Breakdown and Review of 'Where the Wild Things Are' Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak  has become a classic. Winner of the 1964 Caldecott Medal as the Most Distinguished Picture Book of the Year, it was first published by HarperCollins in 1963. When Sendak wrote the book, the theme of dealing with dark emotions was rare in childrens literature, especially in picture book format. Story Summary After more than 50 years, what keeps the book  popular is not the impact of the book on the field of childrens literature, it is the impact of the story and the illustrations on young readers. The plot of the book is based on the fantasy (and real) consequences of a little boys mischief. One night Max dresses up in his wolf suit and does all kinds of things he shouldnt, like chasing the dog with a fork. His mother scolds him and calls him a WILD THING! Max is so mad he shouts back, ILL EAT YOU UP! As a result, his mother sends him to his bedroom without any supper. Maxs imagination transforms his bedroom into an extraordinary setting, with a forest and an ocean and a little boat that Max sails in until he comes to a land full of wild things. Although they look and sound very fierce, Max is able to tame them with a single glance. They all realize Max is ..the most wild thing of all and make him their king. Max and the wild things have a fine time creating a rumpus until Max begins to want to be †¦where someone loved him best of all. Maxs fantasy ends when he smells his dinner. Despite the wild things protests, Max sails back to his own room where he finds his supper waiting for him. The Books Appeal This is a particularly appealing story because Max is in conflict with both his mother and his own anger. Despite the fact that he is still angry when he is sent to his room, Max does not continue his mischief. Instead, he gives free rein to his angry emotions through his fantasy, and then, comes to a decision that he will no longer let his anger separate him from those whom he loves and who love him. Max is an engaging character. His actions, from chasing the dog to talking back to his mother are realistic. His emotions are also realistic. Its quite common for children to get angry and fantasize about what they could do if they ruled the world and then calm down and consider the consequences. Max is a child with whom most 3- to 6-year-olds readily identify. Summing Up the Impact of the Book Where the Wild Things Are is an excellent book. What makes it so extraordinary is the creative imagination of both Maurice Sendak the writer and Maurice Sendak the artist. The text and the artwork complement one another, moving the story along seamlessly. The transformation of Maxs bedroom into a forest is a visual delight. Sendaks colored pen and ink illustrations in muted colors are both humorous and sometimes a little scary, reflecting both Maxs imagination and his anger. The theme, conflict, and characters are ones with which readers of all ages can identify, and  is a book that children will enjoy hearing again and again. Publisher: HarperCollins, ISBN: 0060254920

Envs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Envs - Essay Example The product is cooked in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils which may contain partially hydrogenated soybean oil and/or partially hydrogenated corn oil and/or partially hydrogenated canola oil and/or cottonseed oil and/or sunflower oil and/or corn oil). Mc Donald’s french fries also contain derivatives of wheat and dairy. I used to eat McDonald’s french fries every week, sometimes even more especially when I hang out with my friends more often than usual. However, I have recently come across a number of articles claiming that McDonald’s french fries contain a considerable amount of trans-fat oil and so I have limited my consumption of the product since then. However, the rest of the world still apparently enjoys eating McDonald’s french fries as millions of pounds of the product are being consumed everyday. This probably explains, in part, the health issues faced by the world’s population since a small pack of french fries could amount to 250 calories, 13 grams of fat with 2.5 grams of that being saturated fat, and 140mg of sodium. The unknown composition of â€Å"natural flavorings† is likewise seemingly not a concern for Mc Donald’s french fries consumers. McDonald’s is apparently among the leaders in the industry when it comes to environmentally-conscious policies. The company website mentions that all of McDonald’s bags, tray liners and cup carriers are made from 100 percent recycled paper while packaging of hot foods including french fries are made from cartons or paper packaging made from 72% recycled paper. In addition, a decrease in the cardboard weight of corrugated containers and the introduction of larger shipping containers during product transport has helped minimize the amount of packaging materials required by McDonalds. Also, the company is employing the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Dispose program which aims to decrease wastage as much as possible.

Photography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photography - Research Paper Example This image happens to be the first ever image that existed and did not get deleted on its own. Later Joseph came into collaboration with Louis Daguerre who is a France born artist and physicist and their collaboration led to the development of daguerreotype which is recognized for being the predecessors of films that are modern in nature (Hirsch 10). These remained high in demand until these types were replaced by the emulsion plates during the period of 1850s. The emulsion plates are even recognized as wet plates and are even less costly as compared to their predecessors and these plates were faster than the previous ones to become exposed. These wet plates do not use coatings on the imaging plate and these plates rather use a procedure recognized as process of emulsion which is characterized as Collodian process. Another great change experienced by the concept of photography during the period of 1870s is the introduction of dry plates which were invented by Richard Maddox and these plates were a result of improvements made to the previous wet plates and these plates were equal to the efficiency and quality of the wet plates (Hirsch 137). These plates were better than the wet plates as these plates could be stored before being used, unlike the wet plates which were only created in accordance to need. Development of dry plates even helped in developing cameras which were portable in size and since these plates led to decrease in time of exposure, these plates influenced the development of first ever mechanical shutter. Before 1980s only professionals used to get involved in the practice of photography or only the elites of the society had access to it, during the 1980s, George Eastman developed a company named Kodak and he was the one who created the first roll films that were flexible in nature and did not need to be changed like previous plates which were solid in nature (Hirsch 447). With this invention, he even created a box camera that had the ability to h old more than 100 films at the same time. George Eastman was an American contributor to the industry of photography and the Kodak Company is a US hosted multinational firm. The camera produced by George Eastman was quite inexpensive and easily accessible to the society, the films that were used in this camera were quite larger in size as compared to the 35 mm films used today. The 35 mm films took some time to be easily accessible to common man and during the 1940s these films became quite affordable. Later during the 1930s, the 35 mm films were used by photographers including Henri-Carter Bresson who is recognized as the father of photojournalism (Hirsch 254). He was the one who invented the capturing of real life images rather than depending on staged images. The invention of this form of photography completely altered the field of photography. While 35 mm films were becoming popular, Polaroid was the one who introduced a secretive method of developing films while they were in the vicinity of the camera and recognized this process as the Model 95 (Hirsch 351). This type of photography soon became very famous among the masses but this form of imaging was quite expensive. By the period of 1960s, Polaroid gained great popularity and several models were developed which

Chapter & Readings R Essay Example for Free

Chapter Readings R Essay Chapter 9 readings this week is about experiments. The learning objectives in this chapter are the used for experimentation, advantages and disadvantages of the experiment method, seven steps of a well-planned experiment, internal and external validity with experiment research designs, and the three types of experiment designs and the variations of each. In chapter 9 experiments is defined as the studies involving intervention by the researcher beyond that required for measurement (McGraw-Hill Company). One of the advantages of experiments is that it comes the closest than any primary data collection to accomplish its goal. One of the foremost advantages is the ability of the researcher to manipulate the independent variable. The second advantage of the experiment is the contamination of extraneous variables being controlled way more effectively in other designs. This allows researchers to isolate the variable and evaluate the impact. The third is the convenience and cost experimentation that are superior to other methods (McGraw-Hill Company). The benefit of this is that it allows experiment opportunities in scheduling data collection and the flexibility in adjusting the variables. The disadvantages are the artificiality of the laboratory of the experimental method. Second are the samples of nonprobability can pose problems despite the random assignment. Conducting a well-executed experiment must have a complete series of activities in order to have a successful experiment. In chapter 9 Exhibit9-1 it gives researchers seven activities that a researcher must accomplished in order to have a successful research. Exhibit 9-1 1. Seven relevant variables. 2. Specify the treatment levels. 3. Control the experiment environment. 4. Choose the experimental design. 5. Select and assign the subjects. 6. Pilot test, revise, and test. 7. Analyze the data. Researchers are task to translate an amorphous problem that is being question or the hypothesis that is best state of the objectives the research (McGraw-Hill Company. The book mentioned that hypothesis is a relational state because it describes a relationship between two or more variables (McGraw-Hill Company). It also be operationalized, a term we used earlier in discussing how concepts are transformed into variables to make them measurable and subject to testing (McGraw-Hill Company). Researches challenges are: 1. Select variables that are the best operational representations of the original concepts. 2. Determine how many variables to test. 3. Select or design appropriate measures for them (McGraw-Hill Company). Controlling the experimental environment variables may appear in differences in age, gender, race, dress, communications competence, and many other characteristic (McGraw-Hill Company). Environmental Control is defined as holding contrast the physical environment of the experiment (McGraw-Hill Company). Other forms of experiment are the control of the subjects. Subjects that are that have no knowledge that they are receiving experimental treatment are said to be blind. Double blind is when the experimenters do not know of the treatment of the experiment group or the control group. Experiment design is unique in the experiment method. As it serves as a positional and statistical plan to designate its relationship between the experimental treatments and experimenters observations (McGraw-Hill Company). When conducting an experiment the researchers apply their knowledge in order to select the design that is best suited for the goals research. When analyzing data if must have adequate planning. Researchers have several measurements and instrument options with experiments (McGraw-Hill Company). Observational techniques and coding schemes. Paper-and-pencil tests. Self-report instruments with open-ended or closed questions. Scaling techniques Physiological measures (McGraw-Hill Company). Even though there are different types of validity the two major varieties that are considered are internal validity and external validity. Internal Validity among its many threats seven are consider: History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Selection Statistical regression Experimental mortality External validity among its threats the following are its interactive possibilities: Reactivity of testing on X. Interaction of Selections and X. Other reactive factors. References Author Donald R. Cooper, Pamela S, Schindler. 2011 McGraw-Hill Comapny

Essay --

What are the benefits and advantages of internships? Internships help you gain exposure to real issues not found in textbooks, it also helps to increase your skills that are readily marketable from doing an internship. Interning can provide you with personal growth experiences and exposure to different job opportunities. Internships give you the opportunity to evaluate potential employers nearly risk free, which is a plus. I did an internship for a year at my church. The first thing I had to do was find the facility I was going to do the internship with. The next thing was to engage a suitable mentor for the work I was going to do as an intern. After talking to two perspective mentors one was chosen. Your mentor has to be dedicated to your success, and your spiritual growth. He or she must not be afraid of telling you the truth, and make sure you can follow instructions. An internship helps you to clarify your goals, gain experience by applying your knowledge and skills in work re lated situations. Experiences you will learn You will learn what you can do and the areas you need to work on in your studies. An Internship will help you gain the confidence you need to perfect your abilities. You will also gain valuable work experience. It also will give you some insight on how to solve problems with in your work area. Your internship will help you network by establishing a contact base, and references which can give you future letters of support. Internships provide hands-on learning opportunities, and also can lead to employment. All internships do not guarantee employment, but the experience is worth it. Whether you are compensated or not, the internship can provide you some academic credit to help you farther your education. Emp... ... that are for academic credit; which foster a particular discipline of mind. There are Internships that are primarily clerical or mechanical do not qualify for academic credit, but they increase marketability to employers. On average, only 30% of graduating seniors have job offers before graduation; however, after completing an internship, that figure rises to 58%. I had never done an internship before so it was a learning experience for me. Would I do this over again probably, would I recommend an internship to someone? Yes I would, it is very rewarding growth in integrity, character, and spirituality if you let the Lord refine you, and you are able to take constructive criticism, which helps you refine your weaknesses. I think this is a great course and would recommend it to another student, thanks for the opportunity to learn and grow from this experience.

Aristotle and the Realm of Ethics

An examination of the Nichomacean Ethics is a task that contains the dichotomy of examining Aristotle’s simple, basic definitions along with the great complexity that is present in the underlying meaning behind the simplicity. Aristotle believed the ultimate goal of a human being was (is) to seek happiness and that only a virtuous person can truly achieve happiness.   The acceptance of these notions centers on the perception of the definitions of â€Å"virtue† and â€Å"happiness†. In Aristotle’s words, â€Å"We are now in a position to define the happy man as one who is active in accordance with complete virtue.†Ã‚   In other words, happiness without ethics is a near impossibility.. Eudemonia is a particularly complex situation when trying to understand the importance of it in regards to ethics because eudemonia generally refers to â€Å"happiness or pleasure.† Unfortunately, as the history of human behavior has shown, there will be those individuals who derive their happiness from actions that can be somewhat harmful to people. This type of behavior is, essentially, a pleasure principle based on perversion as opposed to one that is based on ethical behavior. So, it becomes important to separate Eudemonia from perversion or anti-social behavior in because, ultimately, while there may be some pleasure present in such conduct, this does not lead to overall happiness because there might exist a situation where such behavior leads a person down a road of a damaged life. Drugs may bring happiness, but this will exist only for the short term. Ultimately, they will lead to a damaged life that is devoid of happiness. As such, the happiness that Eudemonia  represents must not be transitional happiness, but happiness that is everlasting. In order to achieve this, the happiness must be based on ethical approaches to the pursuit of happiness. Ultimately, virtue breeds ethics and a disposition that is virtuous will further perpetuate ethical behavior. The reason for this is simple: a person who acts with purity can not act unethically as a lack of ethics and a preponderance of virtue are, essentially, mutually exclusive. A disposition of virtue will, in effect, cancel out any unethical or immoral behavior. Now, a virtuous person can also be a person who is rife with internal conflict. To seek happiness does not mean that the person will achieve happiness no matter how hard he or she tries. Often, there will be conflicted internal struggles that pit virtue, honesty and â€Å"the good life† against the frailties of the human psyche and soul. This internal conflict often will eat away at the ability to achieve happiness. However, if a person lives a life that is ethical, a great deal of conflict and stress will be removed from a person’s life. This, in turn, will allow the person a semblance of happiness or, at the very least, a lessoning of conflicting tensions that prey on the mind. Prescribing to a balance of ethics and happiness hinge on the need for virtuous actions and, while this is not possible all the time, it is possible a great deal of the time and can be achieved if an individual concentrates on it enough. This is a core tenant of Aristotle’s principles of ethics, ethical behavior and virtue.                                 

Body Language Communication In Nursing Essay

You are approached by a Grandparent who is hearing impaired how do you facilitate the best environment and through your body language and how you speak with him to ensure you communicate with him in a way which meets his needs and is respectful of his impairment I was approached by a child’s Grandparent with an hearing impairment who wanted to speak to me I instructing the Grandparent to follow me to somewhere quite, has this allowed us to speak and there to be no interruptions or other notices to distract him or myself, I looked at him and make eye contact when I spoke this allowed him to lip read if he needed to and continue eye contract when he spoke back to me to let him know that I paying attraction, I spoke clearly in a steady pace but not too slowly so that this made him feel that I was talking to him like he was incapable of understanding, he told me at one point that he did not hear me I did not get frustrated with him I just repeated what I had said a little louder a nd tried to make my speak more clearly and tried to steady my pace a little more, I tried to always make him feel comfortable in my company and that his impairment was not an issue and that he could approach me at any point he needed to and that I would listen and do my best to communicate in a way that he was comfortable. (Case Study) You have children in your setting whose parents do not come to the setting as they walk there or are dropped off by day nursery staff or childminders. How do you ensure parents get the information they need. At the school that I work we send regular letters home to all parents and carers and on a weekly basis we send a newsletter home with every child, when in placement I hand each child the letters in their hand and they I instruct them to put the letters into their reading folders for parents and carers to read, I then walk around the classroom to ensure that each child has placed the letters into their reading folders, if there is a letter of great importance then there is a text message sent to all parents or carers informing them of the letter and its importance and that they must check their child’s reading folder. If there is a matter that is very important or urgent for example a possible stranger danger then a text message would be sent immediately to the parents or carers followed by a letter sent home. If a child minder or  day nursery staff collect the child I myself of which ever teacher spoke to them they would also inform them of any important letters in the child’s reading folder and inform them to let the child’s parent or carer know when they collected their child.

Book in 2984 essays

Book in 2984 essays Today is September 13, 2004. One item I would bury which will give the archaeologist in the year 2894 some insight into our culture is a book. A book is a bound of object with pages was invented by the Ancient Romans. Early on the Romans people call it codex. It is made of leaves of papyrus, with writing on both sides. It appeared the first time between about 100 BC and AD 100. It did not come into common use until sometime between AD 150 and AD 200. I would bury a book because it is such an old item. By the time 890 years later, I think people will not use book anymore. It is a heavy thing to carry on. In that time people would only carry with them their laptops or something that will cover all of their information on it. For example, a student in 2894 goes to school, and the only thing he carries with him is a small computer laptop. On that computer there is all of the sources or information his teacher give him for the whole school year. He would type the notes the teacher given him. He even doesnt have to carry on his notebooks also, and maybe pens are useless by that time. A secret place I will choose to bury the books would be somewhere near Rome. If some archaeologists find it and want to know insight of the book they will look at Rome as the place where the book was born and died. When the archaeologist fined the books, they might think this is an uncommon item and very precious. I think when I have children I will encourage them to save books and give it to their children and grandchildren...etc ...

Run Batch Files (DOS Commands) From Visual Studio

Run Batch Files (DOS Commands) From Visual Studio Microsoft Visual Studio integrated development environment doesnt run DOS commands, but you can change that fact with a batch file. When IBM introduced PCs, batch files and the original BASIC  programming language were among the few ways to write programs. Users became experts at programming DOS commands. About Batch Files Batch files might be called scripts or macros in another context. Theyre just text files filled with DOS commands. For example: ECHO off ECHO Hello About Visual Basic! ECHO on The suppresses the display of the current statement to the console. So, the command ECHO off is not displayed.ECHO off and ECHO on toggles whether statements are displayed. So, after ECHO off, statements are not displayed.ECHO Hello About Visual Basic! displays the text Hello About Visual Basic!ECHO on switches the ECHO function back on so anything following is displayed. All of this was just to ensure that the only thing you actually see in the console window is the message. How to Execute a Batch File in Visual Studio The key to executing a batch file directly in Visual Studio is to Add one using the External Tools selection of the Tools menu. To do this, you: Create a simple batch program that executes other batch programs.Reference that program using the External Tools selection in Visual Studio. To be complete, add a reference to Notepad in the Tools menu. A Batch Program That Executes Other Batch Programs Heres the batch program that will execute other batch programs: cmd /c %1 pause The /c parameter carries out the command specified by string and then terminates. The %1 accepts a string that the cmd.exe program will try to execute. If the pause command wasnt there, the command prompt window would close before you could see the result. The pause command issues the string, press any key to continue. Tip: You can get a fast explanation of any console command- DOS- using this syntax in a command prompt window: /? Save this file using any name with the file type .bat.   You can save it in any location, but the Visual Studio directory in Documents is a good place.   Add an Item to External Tools The final step is to add an item to the External Tools in Visual Studio. Click Here to display the illustration If you simply click the Add button, then you get a complete dialog that allows you to specify every detail possible for an external tool in Visual Studio. Click Here to display the illustration In this case, enter the complete path, including the name you used when you saved your batch file earlier, in the Command textbox. For example: C:\Users\Milovan\Documents\Visual Studio 2010\RunBat.bat You can enter any name you like in the Title textbox. At this point, your new batch file executing command is ready. Just to be complete, you can also add the RunBat.bat file to the External Tools a different way as shown below: Click Here to display the illustration Rather than make this file the default editor in External Tools, which will cause Visual Studio to use RunBat.bat for files that are not batch files,  execute the batch file by selecting Open With... from a context menu. Click Here to display the illustration Because a batch file is just a text file that is qualified with the .bat type (.cmd works too), you might think that you can use the Text File template in Visual Studio to add one to your project. You cant. As it turns out, a Visual Studio Text File is not a text file. To demonstrate this, right-click the project and use Add New Item ...  to add a text file to your project. You have to change the extension so it ends in .bat. Enter the simple DOS command, Dir (display a directory contents) and click OK to add it to your project. If you then try to execute this batch command, you get this error: nDir is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. That happens because the default source code editor in Visual Studio adds header information to the front of every file. You need an editor, like Notepad, that doesnt. The solution here is to add Notepad to External Tools. Use Notepad to create a batch file. After you save the batch file, you still have to add it to your project as an existing item.

Critical analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical analysis - Assignment Example The reason why the Balanced Scorecard notion has so extensively accepted by manufacturing and service companies, nonprofit institutions, and government bodies globally since its opening in 1992: First, preceding methods that included non financial measurements use unplanned gathering of such measure, for instance, checklist of measures for manager to follow of and improve than an inclusive system of related measurements. The Balance Scorecard stresses the linkage of measurement to strategy (Kapalan, Norton, 1993) and cause-and effect linkages that explain the theories of the strategy (Kaplan, Norton, 1996b). The close link between the measurement method and strategy raises the role for non-financial measures from a set checklist to a complete system for strategy accomplishment (Kaplan, Norton, 1996a) Second, The Balanced Scorecard mirror the shifting nature of technology and aggressive benefit of the 19th and much of 20th centuries, corporations attained viable benefit from their investment in and running of tangible assets such as inventory, property, plant, and equipment (Chandler, 1990). Financial systems subjugated by tangible asset, fiscal measurements were sufficient to record investments on company’s balance sheets. However, many factors avert valid assessment of intangible possessions on balance sheets: First, the value from intangible assets is not direct. Resources such as knowledge and technology rarely have a direct impact on income and profit. Enhancement in intangible resources affects monetary outcomes through chains of cause-and-effect interaction linking two or three intermediate phases (Huselid, 1995; Becker, Huselid, 1998). For instance, think of relationship in the management profit (Heskett et al., 1994): investments in employee training lead to development in service quality that leads to high customer satisfaction that causes increased loyalty which generates increased

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict Essay

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict - Essay Example Internal conflicts contribute to disruption of the existing infrastructure and depreciate economic development, which is highlighted in poor African countries with long recovery periods that adversely affect people’s economic, health and social wellbeing (Collier, 1998). The politics of a country may make unequal distribution of a country’s resources and wealth, and this ultimately leads to violent rebellions against the rich and those in power. Armed civil conflicts are mostly common in the economically underdeveloped nations with high prevalence of joblessness, oppression, and injustice. The After Effects of European Colonialism The Berlin conference laid up the strategies for dividing Africa necessitating the creation of haphazard artificial boundaries. The large expanse of the African continent became a challenge for colonial administrators who lacked the manpower and resources to effectively rule the land (Shah, 2010). They used the divide and rule policy, which fe rmented numerous and disastrous conflicts. The boundaries colonialists created in Africa served their own economic interests. Colonialism erased entire cultures, and they way of life of many communities, most colonies were given minimal education, and religion to suit the Europeans needs (Shah, 2010). The postcolonial period proved difficult for Africans as the majority had useless skills unequipped for rebuilding their continent, coupled with people of diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultures crammed up together in depraved conditions. These people lacked the capacity to accommodate each other and develop nationalism that is exhibited in other parts of the world (Shah, 2010). Majority of the leaders that assisted Europeans to govern were ambitious and corrupt and they ruthlessly exploited their fellow Africans for their own gain. After independence, these people ascended to powerful political positions and to safeguard their positions majority used single party leaderships to rule. Single party leadership oppressed many citizens creating civil wars that led to assassinations and coups. These regimes are responsible for a majority of the civil wars experienced in Africa (Shah, 2010). Colonialists who introduced new cash crops directed the national economic activities of most developing countries. The Africans lost their native crops, which were suited to their climates and embraced foreign cash crops to serve the western markets exposing them to food insecurities (Shah, 2010). The nationalization of commercial cash crop farming and mineral mining in some regions make these people dependent on limited economic activities exposing them to fluctuating world market, prices increasing civil war risks. Africa constitutes very many ethnic communities and sub tribes that previously coexisted peacefully. The scramble for Africa by Europeans divided the continent and changed the structural life of Africans. Most colonialist governments promoted Darwinism, which elevated some communities and oppressed others leading to fundamental inequalities that have persisted to the current times. The Rwandese genocide arose from the tribal hierarchy left by the Belgium after Rwanda gained independence. They had made Tutsis