Catcth Us If You Can Chapter 1-5

Part 1 Rory and his granddad are holding back to see Dr Nicol, theirâ family specialist at the doctor’s lounge area. Rory calls his granddad as Granda. Granda can't sit still. He heads out to smoke his channel and returns. Granda strolls over to the noticeboard. There is an elderly person sitting adjacent to it. Rory asks Granda to sit still. A little youngster around sixteen years of age comes in with an infant in her arms. Granda stands up and opens the entryway for her. Granda asks Rory to assist with taking her pack. Granda likes the infant and starts conversing with it. The little youngster laughs and says the infant name is Lorelei.Granda then inquires as to whether the young lady calls her infant after Marilyn Monroe and she is confounded. The little youngster again says that her baby’s name is Lorelei and not Marilyn. Granda is acceptable about movies and Marilyn Monroe is one of his top choices. Out of nowhere the elderly person smells smoke. The little youngs ter smells it also. She hops up and yells that Granda is ablaze. Everybody in the doctor’s sitting area sees that Granda’s pocket is consuming. At that point the smoke caution starts to howl. The assistant hurries to them yet Granda is as yet grinning. Rory gets a jar loaded up with blossoms from the receptionist’s counter and tosses the water all over Granda.Dr Nicol is astounded to see Mister McIntosh wet. Granda grumbles that Rory is attempting to suffocate him. Rory says that it isn't the first run through his granddad sets something ablaze. Dr Nicol likes Granda and Rory; both resemble twofold act that consistently makes him chuckle. Dr Nicol is happy that he has a grandson like Rory who cares for him and reminds him to take his medication. Dr Nicol attempts to get Rory a home assistance. Rory concurs that a home assist will with being a smart thought however Granda doesn't care for it. Granda’s memory is deteriorating. He leaves shoes in the ice che st and milk at the base of the wardrobe.Rory needs assistance to take care of hisâ grandfather who is exceptionally distracted these days. Section 2 Rory’s granddad likes to keep his schoolwork ‘somewhere safe’ and Rory is making a decent attempt to find his schoolwork. Granda put it in Rory’s school sack when he is putting the garbage down the chute. Rory’s surmise is correct when he finds a sack of eggshells and potato peelings in his school pack. He envisions his schoolwork lying among the waste. Rory doesn't have the foggiest idea how to advise to his educator, Mrs Foley. Darren Fisher, Rory’s closest companion recommends to him by saying that outsiders take it away.Rory’s different cohorts accumulate around him at the play area attempting to help him as well. His companions like Granda and his accounts. Granda is nearly captured for shoplifting when a holder with a suit on it gets trapped in the belt of his waterproof shell and h e leaves the shop without seeing it. Rory admits to Mrs Foley about the loss of his schoolwork. Mrs Foley gets some information about Granda’s condition and on the off chance that he is coming to Parents’ Night. Granda never misses it. Mrs Foley asks Rory to remain back and do the schoolwork. Notwithstanding, Rory can't remain back in light of the fact that Granda is making lunch and is sitting tight for him to eat together.Rory comes up short on the play area towards his pads. He purchases two hot pies, one for him and one for Granda. Granda doesn't cook by any stretch of the imagination; in actuality Rory needs to bring him lunch each day. Rory needs to ensure Granda takes his medication as well. Granda is old now and Rory believes that he has the duty to take care of him. Part 3 Mr Hood, Rory, Darren and Mary Bailey areâ at theâ field where football training is going on. Mr Hoodâ asks Rory to be in the football crew. Rory denies as he needs to care for his Granda . Darren and Mary fight. Mr Hood hauls Mary to the superintendent's office.Darren again proposes Rory to be in the group. Rory states a similar explanation. Darren feels that Rory's Granda ought to be in a home and Rory is irate about it. Granda consistently discusses Rachnadar, the neighborhood elderly folks individuals' emergency clinic to Rory. His Granda would prefer to kick the bucket than to live there. Darren's mom discloses to Darren that Rory's Granda will be better there. Rory runs off before Darren could state another word. Granda just has Rory and Rory just has granda as his family. Rory attempts his best to mentor Granda on the most proficient method to behaveâ as Parents' Night is coming up soon. He needs to console Mrs Foley that Granda has all his marbles.One day, Rory returns home to find that Granda erroneously strips a pack of apples and cuts them into chips. Granda believes that the apples are potatoes! Granda additionally attempts to help with the cooking howev er he leaves the electric rings switch on and wears out a pot. That night Rory and Granda are sitting in front of the TV when Granda watches Rory intently. Rory is considering his dad. Granda resents the notice of Rory's dad. Granda and Granny have spoilt him to an extreme. He gets what he needs as a youngster. At the point when he is burnt out on them, he tosses them aside. He treats Rory's mom inâ the same way.Rory's dad leaves Rory's mom and Rory when he is an infant. Granda wouldn't like to discuss Rory's dad. Granda just has a child, in all honesty Rory! Part 4 Rory and his Granda stroll to the school on Parents' Night. Granda wears shoes and they return home again to change so they are the last to show up. There are numerous guardians standing by quietly in line. Darren comes and welcomes Granda. Granda checks out ans asks where Holy Foley is. Granda thenâ goes to the latrine all alone. He doesn't need Rory to go with him. Rory is stressed over Granda.Luckily Grandaâ steps once more into the study hall. The ball is in Rory's court and Mrs Foley converses with Granda about Rory's schoolwork. Granda inclines forward andâ says that Mrs Foley in fact has mustache, similarly as what Rory has let him know! Unexpectedly, Mrs Foley smells that something is ablaze. Cloudsâ of smoke is surging from the pocket of Granda's jacket holding tight a snare. At that point Mrs Foley's jacket, light green with a bit of coordinating scarfâ is ablaze too in light of the fact that it is adjacent to Granda's jacket. Individuals leave theâ classroom into the play area as the overseer ushers them. Granda goes to the latrine earlierâ to take a puff.Then he places his channel in his pocket however he overlooks it. Notwithstanding, Granda finds the entire thing clever and energizing simply like different young men feel. Fortunately, Darren's dad assists with extinguishing the fire. Mrs Foley takes a gander at Granda furiously. Section 5 Darren and Rory's otherâ friendsâ are charmed with Granda's endeavor to ‘set the school ablaze' and they misrepresent on it. Granda concedes that it more likely than not been his deficiency. Darren's mom is concerned that it may happen again perhaps in the center of the night at Rory's home. She feels that Rory ought not shoulderâ such huge duty. He ought to play football!Rory affirms it won't occur as he conceals Granda's channel before he hits the hay. Then, Val Jessup, the social workerâ comes to see Granda and Rory. She is sent by Dr Nicol. Val Jessup is attempting to compose a home assistance who comes in at noon and plans nourishment for Granda. She will likewise ensure Granda takes his medication. With the home assistance, Rory fantasies about joining the football crew once more. Val Jessup makes Granda considers Grace Kelly, a lovely film star on the grounds that both have reasonable hair! Granda tucks Rory into bed and Rory figures life will be better as they have a social laborer now.Mrs Foley ge ts some information about things at home. Rory tells that now they have a social specialist and will have a home assistance soon. One day after school, Rory runs for the pastry shop and two hot pies. The dough puncher educates Rory regarding his pads which is ablaze. Rory hurries to his pads. His neighbor, Mrs MacKay admonishes Granda for causing the fire. Rory is exceptionally irate with her. He attempts to shield his Granda. Rory gives himself wholeheartedly to her and attempts to kick her. The cops stop him. One cop advises Rory that Granda is in medical clinic now yet he will be good. Rory reviews that he conceals his Granda's pipe.However, the police officer reveals to Rory that Granda leaves the chip an on and overlooks it. this causes the fire. Rory is confused as he doesn't have the foggiest idea what is his Granda doing with a chip container. Part 1 Characters: 1. Mr McIntosh (Granda) (Rory’s granddad) 2. Rory 3. Dr Nicol (Granda’s and Rory’s family spe cialist) 4. elderly person 5. little youngster 6. child (Lorelei) 7. Marilyn Monroe (was an American on-screen character) 8. secretary CHAPTER 2 Characters: 1. Mr McIntosh (Granda) (Rory’s granddad) 2. Rory 3. Mrs Foley (Rory’s educator) 4. Darren Fisher (Rory’s closest companion) 5. Rory’s colleagues CHAPTER 3 Characters: . Mr Hood 2. Rory McIntosh 3. Darren 4. Mary Bailey 5. Granda 6. Darren's mum 7. Mrs Foley 8. Rory's folks CHAPTER 4 Characters: 1. Granda (Mister McIntosh) 2. Guardians 3. Mrs Foley (Holy Foley) 4. Darren 5. Darren's dad CHAPTER 5 Characters: 1. Granda 2. Darren 3. Mrs Foley 4. Rory's companions 5. A portion of the guardians 6. the guardian 7. Darren's mom 8. Rory 9. Val Jessup (the social specialist) 10. Dr Nicol 11. a home assistance 12. Beauty Kelly (an excellent film star) 13. Mrs MacKay (Rory's neighbor) 14. the police officers CHAPTER 1 Settings: 1. doctor’s sitting area 2. can 3. the house 4. receptionist’s work ar ea 5. he ice chest 6. base of the closet 7. Dr Nicol’s office 8. Rory’s pocket CHAPTER 2 Settings: 1. on the table 2. in the schoolbag 3. kitchen 4. chute 5. school 6. play area 7. street 8. over the road 9. square of pads 10. the bread cooks' CHAPTER 3 Settings: 1. Football field 2. play area 3. dean's office 4. Rachnadar, the nearby elderly individuals' emergency clinic (home) 5. Rory's home CHAPTER 4 Settings: 1. school 2. the toilets 3. the study halls 4. Rory's home 5. the play area CHAPTER 5 Settings: 1. the school 2. family room 3. Rory's room 4. the latrine 5. Granda's room 6. the pastry shop 7. pads 8. the medical clinic

Anointing of the Sick Sacrament Essay Example For Students

Blessing of the Sick Sacrament Essay The Catholic Church considers the to be of the holy observance as follows: As the ceremony of Marriage gives effortlessness for the wedded region. the holy observance of Anointing of the Sick gives effortlessness for the region into which individuals enter through sickness. Through the ceremony an endowment of the Holy Spirit is given. that restores confirmation and religion in God and fortifies against temptations to demoralization. edginess and torment at perish and the skirmish of expire ; it keeps the truster from losing Christian expectation in God’s justness. truth and reclamation. Since one of the impacts of the ceremony is to shrive the beneficiary of any wickednesss non previously vindicated through the holy observance of atonement. just an appointed cleric or religious administrator may administrate the holy observance. â€Å"The specific elegance of the holy observance of the Anointing of the Sick has as its belongings: the amalgamation of the evil individual to the energy of Christ. for his ain great and that of the entire Church ; the fortifying. harmony. what's more, boldness to process in a Christian mode the desolations of unwellness or mature age ; the absolution of wickednesss. in the event that the evil individual was non ready to acquire it through the ceremony of apology ; the Restoration of health. on the off chance that it is adding to the recovery of his mind ; the preparing for go throughing over to ever-enduring life. â€Å" An all-encompassing history of the guidance of the Roman Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church. 1499â€1532. Scriptural References The primary Biblical content refering anointment of the debilitated is James 5:14â€15: â€Å"Are any among you wiped out? They should name for the seniors of the Church and have them implore over them. blessing them with oil for the sake of the Lord. What's more, their request offered in religion will repair the debilitated. what's more, the Lord will benefit them. What's more, in the event that they have submitted wickednesss. these will be excused. Matthew 10:8. Luke 10:8â€9 and Mark 6:13 are other than cited in this regard. Name purposes for living for the ceremony In the days gone by. the official name of the ceremony in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church was Extreme Unction ( expecting. Last Anointing ) . a name appended to it when it was regulated. as one of the â€Å"Last Rites† . just to individuals in impending peril of perish. Diminish Lombard ( kicked the bucket 1160 ) is the main creator known to hold utilized the term. which did non go the typical name in the West rock dirt towards the terminal of the twelfth century. what's more, neer got present in the East. 11 ] The word â€Å"extreme† ( finishing up ) demonstrated either that it was the remainder of the holy smarms ( after the anointments at Baptism. Affirmation and. whenever got. Heavenly Orders ) or in light of the fact that at that cut it was normally regulated just when a patient was in extremis. In the mid 1970s the functionary name was changed to Anointing of the Sick to mirror the reestablished antediluvian Christian subject whereby the ceremony is to be given on the individuals who are â€Å"dangerously ill† . 12 ] â€Å"Extreme Unction† proceeds in mainstream use among the individuals who want to keep up the classification that was standard before the Second Vatican Council ( see Traditionalist Catholic ) . The holy observance has other than been known by grouped different names in the Latin Rite all through the mature ages. counting: â€Å"the heavenly oil or smarm of the wiped out ; the smarm or endorsement of committed oil ; the smarm of God ; the workplace of the smarm. In the Eastern Church it is in fact known as euchelaion ( I. e. supplication oil ) ; yet different names, for example, elaion hagion ( blessed ) . or then again hegismenon ( sanctified ) . elaion or â€Å"olia† . elaiou Chrisis. chrisma. and so forth are as yet normal. .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .postImageUrl , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:hover , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:visited , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:active { border:0!important; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:active , .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0cd 87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0cd87377f5d9efdff647e20f40288d6c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Euripides Medea EssayAdministration In the Roman Catholic Code of Canon Law. Ordinance 1004 shows minimally who may have the holy observance: â€Å"The anointment of the wiped out can be regulated to any individual from the devoted who. holding arrived at the utilization of ground. starts to be in peril by ground of unwellness or mature age. † When new unwellness creates or first unwellness backslidings or exacerbates. the patient may have the holy observance a more distant clasp. Blessing of the Sick may other than be given army times in the case of mature age or incessant unwellness dependent on the â€Å"pa storal judgment of the priest† . 13 ] The holy observance of blessing can be directed to a single whether at place. in a clinic or foundation. or on the other hand in chapel. A few sick people might be blessed inside the custom. especially if the celebration takes topographic point in a congregation or hospital. The celebration may other than take topographic point during a Catholic Mass. Relationship with the â€Å"Last Rites† Anointing of the Sick is firmly connected with. what's more, as often as possible directed during the rituals known as the Last Rites. Nonetheless. the term â€Å"Last Rites† is non equivalent to â€Å"Anointing of the Sick† . since it alludes other than to two ther discernable customs: Sacrament of Penance and Eucharist. the remainder of which is known as â€Å"Viaticum† ( Latin: †provision for the journey† ) when managed until the very end. The typical request of removal of the rituals is: first Penance ( if the expiring individual is genuinely incapable to screech. exoneration is given restrictively on the being of whittling down ) . so Anointing. so Viaticum. Of the Last Rites. only a minister or religious administrator can administrate the Sacraments of Penance and Anointing of the Sick. Without a cleric these holy observances can non be regulated. however, a laic individual may give an expiring singular Holy Communion. which in this case is â€Å"Viaticum. the Last Sacrament of the Christian† . Set up compose The oil utilized in the ceremony is ordinarily olive oil. in spite of the fact that other vegetable oil may other than be utilized ( Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church. 1513 ) . It is honored by the religious administrator of the precinct at the Chrism Mass he celebrates on Holy Thursday or on a twenty-four hours close to it. In example of need. the cleric administrating the holy observance may favor the oil inside the model of the celebration ( Code of Canon Law. group 999 ) . In the Roman Catholic Church of the Catholic Church. the minister blesses the evil person’s temple with oil ( ordinarily in the signifier of a cross ) . expressing: â€Å"Through this sanctum blessing. may the Lord in his adoration and leniency help you with the finesse of the Holy Spirit. † He so blesses the guardianships. expressing. â€Å"May the Lord who liberates you from fiendishness spare you and raise you up. † He may other than. in similarity with nearby human advancement and conventions. what's more, the requests of the evil person. bless different pieces of the natural structure. however, without emphasizing the consecrated articulation. This is the signifier set up for the Roman Rite through the missional papers Sacram unctionem infirmorum of 1972. The signifier utilized in the Roman Rite in the former time frame included anointment of seven pieces of the natural structure ( however that of the pubess was all things considered excluded in English-talking states ) . while expressing ( in Latin ) : â€Å"Through this heavenly anointment. may the Lord absolution you whatever wrongdoings/deficiencies you have submitted by†¦ † The sense in request was so referenced: sight. hearing. smell. gustatory sensation. contact. strolling. creature amuse. Various other Holy Eucharists exist.

Writing Assistance Online - How To Find The Best Writing Services Online

Writing Assistance Online - How To Find The Best Writing Services OnlineIf you are an entrepreneur, it would be a great idea to seek out writing assistance online. The reason for this is that you will not have to give up your office chair when you decide to go on your online business. The only thing that you need to look out for is the types of writing that you require.Online writing comes in a wide variety of formats that can be anything from articles to blog posts and web content. It is important to be able to choose the ones that you will use and the ones that will work best for your business. You will need to select them carefully because you will be using them in the future to advertise your services or products.There are many online sources where you can find professional writing assistance. There are article directories like ProposalGenius and HubPages and web contents like GoArticles. You can also look at outsourcing companies who offer to write for clients.Another great plac e to find writers is within your network of friends. If you do not know anyone who can write articles, you can visit forums and social networking sites. People who are into writing are always looking for help.Having people who you know to give you their time for free is a huge help. The problem with this however is that they do not necessarily have experience in writing so you will need to be careful with the way you select them.You can go to freelancing websites such as Elance and Guru and find freelance writers who are willing to give you their time for a price. You can also post your project on the website of such writers who specialize in this kind of work.You can also seek out professional assistance from writing services online like Writer's Guild. These writers can help you learn how to create professional websites, blogs and articles.The key here is to search for the right online sources of writing assistance. There are many others that can be found online so be sure to rese arch for several different resources to see which one is suitable for your needs.

Disaster Preparedness - 1589 Words

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The American Nursing†¦show more content†¦F., personal interview, February 13, 2012).† The established relationships that are within the community to help implement the organization’s disaster preparedness plan are that K.F. is currently the Chair-Elect for the Az Coalition for Healthcare Emergency Response (AzCHER-Central), which brings hospitals, clinics, skilled nursing facilities, fire Emergency Medical Services (EMS), public health, emergency management, and other community stakeholders together for planning. Maricopa Medical Center currently has three to four members on the general body of this group, including bedside nursing representatives. There are a number of governmental agencies that are involved in the organization’s disaster preparedness planning. 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Black Male And Caucasian Police Officer Essay - 1489 Words

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The Cost Of College Is Too Expensive Essay - 1854 Words

Throughout every generation the majority of students, who want to acquire a better paying job in the world, all apply to a college of their dreams. The whole of these students know what to expect from college; education, social connections, fundamental understanding of their respective field, as well as the benefit/hope that they will receive their dream job soon after. However, these students also expect to amass an amount of debt once they graduate as this is a common fear amongst college graduates. In spite of such hindrance in their pursuit of a job, the experience from which they accumulated throughout their college life later benefits them in diverse amount of ways. 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Health Status Of the Indigenous Communities †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Health Status Of the Indigenous Communities. Answer: Introduction This paper is a narrative that seeks to present the story of the health status of the indigenous communities. The narrative achieves this through the focus on a single individual indigenous Australian, Andrew Smith (not his real name) who will be hereafter referred to as Mr. A, whose life and health manifest a neglected community where health-seeking behavior, as well as health literacy, are at their worst. The story depicts the picture of a family man who was just seven years ago very active and a sole bread winner to his family of one wife and five children. I first met Mr. A when working with a volunteer group in a remote village north of Alice Springs. The narrative herein has been compiled from an interview I had with the subject and a retired health-worker (Mrs. K) who have journeyed together with the subject for the better part of his health ordeal. For the sake of confidentiality and anonymity, the real name of all the people who are related to this case has not been disclose d. It is a story of how a brief and simple moment can lead to major life changes especially with low levels of health literacy. Biodata Name: (real name withheld) Mr. A Date of Birth: 1971 (present age 46 years) Place of Birth: a remote village 350 kilometre north of Alice Springs, Australia. Aboriginal decent. Family: Three brothers all living in the same community and married. Parents long dead. A wife and four children two daughters and two sons; oldest son 20 years and doing casual labour at the nearest town. Others aged 17, 12 and 9 and all in school. Mr. As Story The ease of access to Mr. A was due to the popularity of the subject in the village. Before the incident that changed his life and that of his entire family, Mr. A was working as a self-confirmed tour guide. In a community that is dependent largely on domestic and international tourism, Mr. A had already been too familiar with the surrounding and all the scenery that could attract people. He also was aware of the terrain and could advise tourists on the best way to follow depending on the weather and the destination. He was therefore always consulted and often carried along in the tourist's vans. He was popular for this, and he obtained almost all his livelihood from the tips given by the tourists for his guidance. From the same, he was able to educate his last three children as his eldest son was already away to the urban areas even before he was 15 years. The Incident While walking home one evening after being dropped by a tourists van, Mr. A stumbled and stepped on what appeared to him as a nail left on the ground by children playing on the path. Having no flashlight, however, he did not locate the nail and hence proceeded home. He noticed that the wound did not bleed as much but only felt numb for a few hours. The following day, Mr. A collected some herbs and using his experience treated the wound, and he reports that the wound felt okay for a few days, such that he resumed his tour guiding activities for almost two weeks. He, however, noticed that the numbness increased and he could not walk as much or even lift the leg at ease the leg was also inflamed. He was confined at home for a few days before Mrs. K, an old friend who had recently retired from community health service came visiting and advised him to urgently seek medical advice. On physical examination at the hospital, Mr. A was informed that his leg had been adversely infected from ins ide. The examination also involved a venom expert who associated the tingling and numbness to venomous bite which was not severe enough to cause permanent paralysis. This made Mr. A question the incidence which he had always related to a prick. The level of infection was so high that the leg was not functional and had to be amputated at just above the knee. His life was bound to change for good. He had an option to refuse the amputation and risk septicaemia which would have killed him. But thinking about his family, he opted for amputation, hoping that while still alive he would still be able to do something for the family. Life after the Incidence According to research most of the people in rural Australia have very low health literacy. This means that they do not see the need to seek healthcare services (Mcbain-Rigg Veitch, 2011); (Kelaher et al., 2014). In addition to this, there is also reduced accessibility to proper healthcare as the community sometimes is referred to as living in the fifth world. (Kruske, Belton, Wardaguga, Narjic, 2012);(Browne, Hayes, Gleeson, 2014) Mr. Ks life turned to the worst almost a month after the amputation. Psychologically, post amputation patient has a period of mental instability related to the loss. This is directly related to post-traumatic stress disorder, and with inadequate help, they can be disturbed for the rest of their lives (Durey, 2010); (Yehuda et al., 2015). With limited psychiatric follow-up, Mrs. K struggled with the patient until he was well. However, what could not return was his source of income and ability to walk. She assisted him to use crutches as prosthetic was dee med too costly and unavailable. Although Mr. A was able to move around and even started earning a few coins from a shoe repair stand he had constructed, his life was already changed. His wife and children were suffering and living a life that they were not used to. He had to get rid of most of his animals to take them to school and cover his medical bills as a result of the poverty levels in the area (Couzos Theile, 2007). The Impact of the Incidence All the domains of his own life were adversely affected by the incidence. These are himself, his family and the community. On himself, Mr. A was already partially disabled. He had lost a large part of his body and had a hard time accepting the life of an amputee. He was no longer able to move as he wished and did his most experienced and productive work. For sometimes, also he could not do even the personal care without assistance. The impact on the family was also quite significant. Mr. A was no longer able to feed himself and the family as he used to and had to learn new tricks to survive. His wife had to go out of her way to assist with selling artefacts and curios to tourists. The children did not enjoy bountifulness as they used to and had to sometimes go without proper meals and care. The school was no longer a norm as the parents sometimes lacked the necessary fees. The community also suffered the loss of one of the most respected tour guide who was completely aware of the environment and struggled to conserve the heritage. He was retired only for consultation at an early age and now required their assistance instead. Conclusion I met Mr. A through a friend who had previously visited the area as a tourist and had a first-hand experience with Mr. A as a tour guide. The narrative demonstrates the health disparity in a country that is strongly divided on social lines (Durey, 2010); (Wilson Cardwell, 2012). There are still people within the country who cannot access adequate health information, and hence they have a poor health seeking behaviour. Statistics have indicated that a total of 4 million people in the country have just the basic literacy levels in health (Kariminia, Butler, Levy, 2007); (Priest, Mackean , Davis, Briggs, Waters, 2012). The government is doing very little to change the situation and save for the concern by the international community, religious and non-governmental organizations; the situation could be worse. It bothers to think how people like Mr. A would view their condition compared to that of people in the rest of the country. References Browne, J., Hayes, R., Gleeson, D. (2014). Aboriginal health policy: Is nutrition the gap in Closing the Gap? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 38(4), 362369. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12223 Couzos, S., Theile, D. D. (2007). The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the right to health: Is Australia meeting its obligations to Aboriginal peoples? Medical Journal of Australia, 186(10), 522524. https://doi.org/10.1177/096701067700800312 Durey, A. (2010). Reducing racism in Aboriginal health care in Australia: Where does cultural education fit? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(SUPPL). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00560.x Kariminia, A., Butler, T., Levy, M. (2007). Aboriginal and non-aboriginal health differentials in Australian prisoners. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 366371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00089.x Kelaher, M., Sabanovic, H., La Brooy, C., Lock, M., Lusher, D., Brown, L. (2014). Does more equitable governance lead to more equitable health care? A case study based on the implementation of health reform in Aboriginal health Australia. Social Science Medicine, 123, 278286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.032 Kruske, S., Belton, S., Wardaguga, M., Narjic, C. (2012). Growing Up Our Way The First Year of Life in Remote Aboriginal Australia. Qualitative Health Research, 22(6), 777787. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311432717 Mcbain-Rigg, K. E., Veitch, C. (2011). Cultural barriers to health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in Mount Isa. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 19(2), 7074. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01186.x Priest, N., Mackean , T., Davis, E., Briggs, L., Waters, E. (2012). Aboriginal perspectives of child health and weUbeing in an urban setting: Developing a conceptual framework. Health Sociology Review, 21(2), 180195. https://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2012.21.2.180 Wilson, K., Cardwell, N. (2012). Urban Aboriginal health: Examining inequalities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in Canada. Canadian Geographer. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2011.00397.x Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(October), 122. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57

Michelangelo Was One Of The Greatest Artists Of All Time. He Excelled

Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of all time. He excelled in architecture, sculpture, painting, poetry, and engineering. He was a true Renaissance man who lived a long emotional life. In painting The Last Judgment, Michelangelo was able to incorporate all that he had learned about the human body. He was able to show the way the body moved, as well as it's displays of unrestrained passion, overwhelming grief, or endless torment. This is what makes The Last Judgment such a unique and exceptional work of art. In the spring of 1534, Michelangelo received a commission from Clement VII to paint The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. He was also commissioned at this time to paint a Fall of the Angels on the entrance wall, but this second work was never executed. He had painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel some twenty eight years prior, but the style of his The Last Judgment would greatly differ from that of the ceiling. Before Michelangelo could begin, there were many preparations to be made. A scaffold had to be built and the wall had to be prepared. Five paintings by Perugino and Michelangelo had to be removed. Two windows had to be walled up and Michelangelo ordered it to be inclined forward by about half an ell toward the top, hoping in this fashion to protect his work against the accumulation of dust. (Brandes 388) Sebastiano del Piombo had persuaded the pope that the painting would look best in oil, and the wall was therefore prepared to receive oil pigments. This delayed the beginning of the work, since Michelangelo declared oil-painting to be an effeminate art and insisted on painting al fresco, as he had done with the ceiling. The wall had to be done over and Michelangelo never spoke to Sebastiano, who had once been a student of Michelangelo. (Brandes 389) There were many previous depictions of the Last Judgment which influenced Michelangelo's plan for the painting. Such other works include Giotto's painting on the wall of the Camposanto in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano's sculpture on the pulpit of the San Andrea in Pistoia, and Fra Angelica's and Signorelli's frescoes in Orvieto. Finally, there is the reverse side of a medallion his old teacher Bertoldo had made for Archbishop Filipo de' Medici. (Brandes 385) Michelangelo began the giant painting sometime during April and May of 1536. He worked rigorously on the project until he fell from the scaffolding a few months prior to the completion of the painting and seriously hurt his leg. Following his recovery, Michelangelo returned to work on The Last Judgment. It was completed in October of 1541 and unveiled on Christmas Day two months later. (Symonds 328) Many were appalled to see the great amount of nudity which filled the painting. They did not feel that it was appropriate for such holy people to be depicted without clothes on. Michelangelo felt that it was the body which ascends to Heaven, not the clothes. Unfortunately, Michelangelo's masterpiece only remained intact for fourteen years, at which point artists were commissioned to paint clothes on the most beautiful nudes. (Brandes 392-394) The central figure of The Last Judgment is of course, Christ. However, the Christ which appears in Michelangelo's The Last Judgment, is not the typical loving, and sympathetic Christ depicted throughout the Renaissance. The fresco is dominated by Christ as the medieval judge of the world--a giant whose might right arm is lifted in a gesture of damnation so broad and universal as to suggest he will destroy all creation, Heaven and earth alike. (Croix, Tansey, and Kirkpatrick 665) Michelangelo followed the tradition of others in having Christ at the top, with his hand raised, brighter than the rest of the angels and demons. Christ seems to have a harsh and cold expression which furthers Michelangelo's depiction of Christ as the Judge. Standing closest to Jesus on the right is St. John. He is the young man who forms the counterpart to the Madonna, but he is completely in awe of Christ, while the Madonna seems to droop in some sort of dismay. She does not look toward Christ, nor toward anyone else. The large man to the right, holding the key to heaven

An economic approach to world Heritage

An economic approach to world Heritage Introduction World heritage comprises of four main components. These are natural, physical, human and cultural components. Natural heritage is made up of environmental factors such as mountains, rivers, forests, fauna and flora.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on An economic approach to world Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, physical heritage might be natural or man made features other than living things. Human and cultural heritages go hand bearing in mind that human heritage is more about the culture of people and their historical cultural activities. Therefore, heritage is associated with aesthetic, social, historical and scientific innovations valued by society. The word economics is defined as the study of social science which deals with production, distribution and consumption of commodities and services in regards to the management of economics systems. Economic issues such as necessary fiscal and monetary relations are of great interest to economists. In addition, economics underscores the fact that resources are scarce and that they must be put into proper and prudent utilization in order to achieve the highest utility value. The cost of production and that of distribution must be minimized as much as possible whereas as the output should be as high as possible (Kahn 200). The world population has for a long time devised methods of ensuring that best economic systems are achieved. For instance, it has led to many nations and different countries developing their own various economic policies which have seen the emergence of the capitalism and the communism as some of the most divergent economic policies the world governments ever employed. Some systems combine both capitalism and communism systems of governance. From time to time, some economies have suffered setbacks in what is referred to us depression and economic down turn as it has been experienced lately in the major world economies such as the United States and the Euro zone crisis except for china which had adopted a different economic approach policy from her Western counterparts. When economies of various nations suffer, it is the citizens who are hard hit since they are taxpayers to their respective governments. The greater economic burden is directly transferred to the individuals and they suffer the grueling and daunting task of putting up with the increased spending without reciprocal increase on income.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is therefore only prudent that people have to give an in-depth view concerning all situations and living styles in order to come up with economic ventures that would in turn lead to benefits and increased income through wealth creation. This paper therefore, attempts to outline an economic approach to heri tage issues in society with a view offering an insight into the relationship between heritage and economics. Natural heritage There seems to be a close link between natural heritage and natural resources. However, natural heritage differs from the latter in the sense that heritage goes with that which has been identified for some special attention. For instance, wild life being set aside officially for conservation and managed in a proper way for all users is a critical example of natural heritage attached to economics. Natural heritage may also include reserved, non reserved, marked and unmarked lands and other resources which are cherished and of great value to society. Landscape forms part of natural heritage and it applies both to cultural and natural perspective. Natural heritage is distinctive based on the combinations of the physical area and attributes of the surrounding environment which can be categorized as being jungle, forest, national park or a desert. This essay is la rgely concerned with the discussion on economic approach to world heritage. As a matter of fact, world heritage is an aspect which is attached to value that transcends continental and economic significance. The world oceanic waters, highest mountains which have the icecaps such as the mount Everest, Kilimanjaro, Kenya as well as lakes, gulfs, rivers like Nile, Mississippi, Tennessee, lakes, forests, game reserves and parks, are quite phenomenon as natural heritages which attract foreign exchange towards building respective economies. Other natural heritages include Wilder beast migration in East Africa, Egyptian Pyramids and Mayan kingdom. They all form a long list of the renowned world heritage. An economic approach to natural heritage would be necessary since it would be of economic value to manage the natural resource such as mountains, and national parks thus being a source of income to earn revenue by the concerned government and a means of wealth creation (Stimson, Stouch and Nijkamp 400). Tourism industry is a major source of foreign exchange to many countries in the world. This shows that world heritage can be of great economic value. Cultural heritage Cultural heritage concerns people’s way of living and practices that ranges from economic, social, and political life and which also touch on their general well being in society. The culture of a given community would determine the history of such a community in terms of architectural designs of the past such as the Great Wall of China and so on.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on An economic approach to world Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This are aboriginal and non aboriginal when it comes to looking at the cultural landscape which differ on the basis of appearance and character of landscapes derived from a mixture of historical evidence and the physical development an area. Another way of looking at cultural h eritage is by studying the attributes of an environment which will show discernible patterns correlations between people and their environment based on the outlook of the landscape which may have vegetation cover of planted or natural plants, gardens, parks, urban or rural set ups. This is and evidence of a cultural heritage (Bishop and Phillips 310). Economic approach to cultural heritage therefore would help an economist into understanding how to devise an economic model system for wealth creation in such a culture. History accounts specifically to the occupation and utilization of the continents from time since before by mankind. People’s interactions and settlements, historic places reveal much about a given society and would be of great economic significance. Historic heritage demonstrates the way people have shaped, modified and transformed their cultures and still continue to evolve in the present time yet still achieves an identity as a unit in the changing community. Religion is one of the oldest heritages cherished all over the world and every single community or society has its own way of practicing religion. For a long time, man has been trying to find answers to mysteries and comfort during times of calamities, disasters, catastrophes and pestilence. When man becomes helpless and stranded, he becomes religious and will often seek help from the super natural being who would then intervene by their spirits and other means. Religion which modernizes itself through secularization, reformation, Counter Reformation, Pentecostalism and Protestantism has been of immense economic value to the society. The Ancient religions have been the centers of governance as well as economic bases of their kingdoms. For instance, the ancient kingdoms saw the kings being installed as the heads of state as well as the heads of their governments. The Kings controlled all the wealth and economic activities of their kingdoms. The agricultural activities, trade and tra ding routes, commercial activities and precious stones all were controlled by the kings who also doubled as priests. For example, the Catholic Church as a religion is one religious organization which has lasted close to between 1700 to 200 years and yet still remains one single most powerful religious body with close to slightly above one billion members in the world and one of the richest in wealth accumulation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Islam religion is another vital religious organization which cannot go without mentioning. Others are Buddhism, Judaism, Christian Protestants and the Pentecostal churches. It is imperative to look at these religious organizations with an economic view since they control a lot of resources. Religion controls what believers are taught. Their lifestyles including how they are married and the kind of games they watch. With a clear understanding of a given religion, one would be able to devise an economic approach that befits the kind of venture to deploy. For instance, the Muslims are forbidden from eating pork. It is therefore important for an economist to analyze economic benefit in this kind of belief system. Would it be prudent to start pork business in a Muslim dominated nation like Iran? Certainly, it won’t work as a business venture. We also understand that every religion has a standard for its members. Some religions also control the dress codes of their faithful. Th erefore, religion is part of culture and in this context we look at religion as a cultural aspect and practice. When we tie it to an economic approach, the intention here is to bring it out as part of culture hence falls under cultural heritage. An economic approach to heritage Religion which defines man’s relationship with the spiritual world is actually man’s way of reaching God is one of the oldest practices of mankind carried out by people in different parts of the world from time immemorial. Man for a long time has been trying to find answers to mysteries and comfort during times of calamities, disasters, catastrophes and pestilence. When man becomes helpless and stranded, he becomes religious and soften seek help form the super natural beings in the gods and who would then intervene by their spirits and other means. Religion which modernizes itself through secularization, reformation, Counter Reformation, Pentecostalism and Protestantism has been of immense econo mic value to the society (Stimson, Stouch and Nijkamp 74). The Ancient religions have been the centers of government as well as the economic bases of their kingdoms (Segal 286). For instance, the ancient kingdoms saw the kings being the head of state as well as the heads of then government. The Kings controlled all the wealth and economic activities of their kingdoms. The agricultural activities, the trades and trade routes, commercial activities and precious stones all were controlled by the kings who also doubled as priest s. The Catholic Church as a religion for instance is one religious organization which has lasted close to between 1700 to 200 years historically and yet still remains one single most powerful religious body with close to over slightly above one billion members in the world and one of the richest in wealth accumulation. The Islam religion is another vital religious organization which cannot go without mentioning. Others are the Buddhism, Judaism, Christian Protes tants and the Pentecostal churches (Rao and Walton 280). It is imperative to look at these religious organizations with an economic view since they control a lot of resources. Religion controls what they faithful are taught and what they eat. Their lifestyles including how they are married and the kind of games they watch. With a clear understanding of a given religion, one would be able to devise an economic approach that befits the kind of venture to deploy. For instance, the Muslims are forbidden from eating pork, it is therefore important for an economist to analyze what economic sense there is in such a belief. Would it be prudent to start pork business in a Muslim dominated nation like Iran? Certainly not! We also understand that every religion has a standard for its members. Some religions also control the dress codes of their faithful. The priests of the Catholic church have particular priestly robes which differ depending on rank such as whether one is just an alter boy, ca techist, seminarian, priest, bishop or arch bishop and even a pope (Segal 360). An economic approach this fact would be; how do the priests acquire their robes? Who makes the robes, and how much does it cost, how are the robes distributed, how many are supplied? What about other numerous materials and items that go with the worship such as the candles, the Eucharist’s and the anointed water? The religious books that are read all over the world such as the Bible, the Catholic Douay, the Quran, the Christian Science and health and the Scriptures by the Judaism. It is really important to know how much in terms of resources it would cost to print a copy of the bible or any of the many other religious books. Another important think to consider while giving an economic approach to religion is not just to concentrate on the opportunities that are presented by the religious practices and activities but also the economic challenges posed by the same. For example many religions go on f asting such as the Lenten campaign, camping and Ramadhan (the Muslim holy month); periods in which people do not eat certain meals and foods. Some religions do not believe in taking the sick to the hospitals yet others still do not believe in taking children to the secular and formal school. With an economic approach, issues such as necessary fiscal and monetary relations are of course being of interest to economists does give insights in trying to underscores the fact that the resources are scarce and that these scarce resources must be put into proper and prudent utilization in order to achieve the highest utility value. The cost of production and that of distribution must be minimized as much as possible whereas as the output should be of the highest expectation as possible. Religion would best be practiced under an economic microscope therefore for a healthy faithful flock to be bred (Stimson, Stouch and Nijkamp 52). Notes on how to present the paper This essay discusses economi c approach to world heritage. As a matter of fact, world heritage is an aspect which is attached to value that transcends continental and economic significance. Tourism industry is a major source of foreign exchange to many countries in the world. This shows that world heritage can be of economic value. Natural heritage is more concerned with the natural endowments with respect to aesthetic and economic values. For instance, tourism majorly thrives on natural resources such as vast wildlife and beautiful landscapes which provide perfect scenic sites of attractions. These would include attractions such as water falls, craters, reefs, cliffs, escarpments, lakes, mountains, rivers, oceans, pedestals and even underground features. It is important to note that some of the tourist attraction scenes are manmade. Case examples include the Egyptian and Sudanese pyramids, tall buildings, large roads, manmade lakes and canals. The natural collection forms part of the natural heritage whereas t he artificial combination is part and parcel of the human heritage. However, the latter goes beyond just what man has made to the extent of exploring people’s way of life. This consequently brings us to the cultural heritage whereby we find historical evidences on the past of man. The culture of a given community would determine the history of such a community in terms of their buildings of the pas such as the Great Wall of China and so on (Bishop and Phillips 134). These are aboriginal and non aboriginals when it comes to looking at the cultural landscape which differ on the basis of appearance and character of landscapes derived from a mixture of historical evidence and the physical development of an area. Another way of looking at cultural heritage is by studying the attributes of an environment which will show discernible patterns and correlations between people and their environment based on the outlook of the landscape which may have vegetation cover of planted or natur al plants, gardens, parks, urban or rural set ups. This is a clear evidence of a cultural heritage. Economic approach to cultural heritage would therefore be of help to an economist. Religion is one of the oldest heritages cherished all over the world and every single community or society in the world has its own way of practicing their religion. The Ancient religions have been the centers of government as well as the economic bases of their kingdoms. For instance, the ancient kingdoms saw the kings being the heads of state as well as heads of governments. The Kings controlled all the wealth and economic activities of their kingdoms. The agricultural activities, trading and trade routes, commercial activities and precious stones were all controlled by the kings who also doubled as priests. An economic sense is found in the religious books that are read all over the world such as the Bible, the Catholic Douay, and the Quran, the Christian Science and health as well as the Scriptures by Judaism. Another important element to consider while giving an economic approach to religion is not just to concentrate on the opportunities that are presented by the religious practices and activities but also the economic challenges posed by the same. Many religions practice prayer and fasting during which people do not eat certain meals yet some do not believe in taking the sick to hospitals and formal schooling. It is therefore imperative to find out the possibility of an economic significance in the practices of culture and religion which are closely intertwined. Bishop,  Kevin and Adrian, Phillips. Countryside Planning: New Approaches to Management and Conservation. London, UK: Earthscan, 2004. Print. Kahn, James. The economic approach to environmental and natural resources. Tennessee: Dryden Press, 1998. Print. Rao, Vijayendra and Michael, Walton. Culture and Public Action .Washington DC: Stanford University press, 2004.Print. Segal, Robert. The Blackwell companion to t he study of religion. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.Print. Stimson Robert, Roger Stouch and Peter, Nijkamp. Endogenous regional development:Perspectives,measurements and empirical investigation. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc., 2011.Print.

The Concept of Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of Ethnocentrism - Essay Example Several nations and their cultures have placed themselves at the top of an imagined hierarchy of cultures and nations and therefore they have assigned other cultures lower ranks than theirs. This has led to the incorporation of the belief that one nation, its culture is superior, and that it will always be ahead of the rest hence making people believe this form of deception naturally. This form of belief has resulted in a few nations becoming the center of admirations making all other nations to strive to emulate the nations at the center in order to move higher in the imaginary rank. For example, the United States of America has always thought of itself as more powerful, more economically positioned, and as generally better in all spheres than other nations. This has been evidenced by the country's dabbling in the matters of other nations without much regard to the right formality that should be followed. A good illustration of this dabbling in the country's current involvement in a ffairs of Middle East, which is mainly castigated by the perceived belief that it is a superpower. This has led to the country spending a lot on affairs of other countries, which are not necessarily in its control, rather than focusing on funding development in needy developing countries. Cultural ethnocentrism continues to prevail in the majority of the African communities where the communities believe that these cultures are better than the rest and they in, particular, tend to be unreceptive to the western culture. They normally feel that their cultural order is threatened by the arrival of new groups and they thus strive to resist what they term as invaders in their communities. This evidenced by the disagreements in cultural markers of identity such as clothing and other visible elements which the people try by all means possible to uphold them despite the foreign influence.

Religious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious - Essay Example Such trips were necessitated by the requests of the father as well as studies [Marquita, Breit, Patricia, Burton & Paul [2002]. In 1930, Thomas Merton joined Oakham Public School during which time, Owen his father, died. However although the death affected Thomas Merton who sought support and financial help from the uncle was co-operative and finances to Thomas Merton was never a problem. Thomas Merton often received help from Tom Bennett, Owen’s former physician who was very supportive of Thomas as was the aunties and uncles. It was in 1932 during one of his visits to his grandparents in New York that Thomas Merton decided to venture into journalism by co-editing the school’s journal. In 1933, Thomas Merton visited Italy where he stayed in Rome where Merton acquired a Bible and become religious, severally praying asking God to ‘deliver him from darkness’. Up to when Thomas Merton was still faced many challenges such as not being aware of what he really wanted to become even as a college student at Clare College, Cambridge. In 1938, Thomas Merton then a student in Columbia came into contact with a Hindu monk called Mahanambrata Brachmachari, who influenced him in that instead of converting him into Hindu, Brachmachari encouraged the young Thomas to remain steadfast in Catholicism. Gandhi had an influence in shaping the future of the man in that, Merton was an admirer of Gandhi. Such events culminated in the Baptism of Thomas Merton in 1938. In 1941, Thomas Merton finally became committed to Catholicism and eventually graduated into a Catholic priest in 1949. Thomas Merton died in 1968 in Bangkok, Thailand. Thomas Merton continues to influence the live s of many as a writer, teacher, a priest and a family man. Howard was born several years after the birth of Thomas Merton in 1939. Unlike Thomas Merton, Howard went on to join active politics and eventually became the Prime Minister of

Methods To Prevent Barre In Knitted Fabric

Methods To Prevent Barre In Knitted Fabric In textile production, one of the most common and perplexing quality issues is barrà ©. The factors that can cause or contribute to barrà © are varied and diverse. For this reason, when a barrà © problem is detected, the skills of a sleuth may be required to expose the problem and eliminate its cause. Once a cause is identified, steps can be taken to minimize or eliminate the barrà ©, and better quality fabrics can be produced. This discussion will center on knitted fabrics. DISCUSSIONS The noun barrà © is defined by ASTM1 as an unintentional, repetitive visual pattern of continuous bars and stripes usually parallel to the filling of woven fabric or to the courses of circular knitted fabric. In a warp knit, barrà © normally runs in the length direction, following the direction of yarn flow. Barrà © can be caused by physical, optical, dye related differences in the yarn, geometric differences in the fabric structure, or by any combination of these differences. A barrà © streak can be one or several courses wide. A typical characteristic of barrà © is that it generally consists of stripes that repeat. Isolated or intermittent defects may or may not be barrà ©. 1 ASTM D123-96a Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles 1 Various aspects of barrà © are important for consideration and discussion. The first is the identification of barrà ©. Secondly, how can barrà © be analyzed? What are the causes of barrà ©, and finally, how can it be prevented? IDENTIFICATION OF BARRÉ The first step in a barrà © investigation is to observe and define the problem. Barrà © can be the result of physical causes that can usually be detected, or it can be caused by optical or dyeability differences that may be nearly impossible to isolate in the fabric. Barrà © analysis methods that help to discriminate between physical barrà © and barrà © caused by other reasons include Flat Table Examinations, Light Source Observation, and the Atlas Streak Analyzer. Flat Table Examination For a visual barrà © analysis, the first step is to lay a full-width fabric sample out on a table and view both sides from various angles. Generally, if the streaky lines run in the yarn direction that is in the course direction, apparent color differences can be seen by looking down at the fabric in a direct visual line with the yarn or course direction, and the defect can be positively identified as a barrà © defect. Viewing the fabric with a light source in the background will show if the barrà © is physical. Light Source Observation After completing an initial Flat Table Examination, a Light Source Examination may provide further useful information. Full width fabric samples should be examined 2 under two surface lighting conditions, ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescent light. Observations that should be made while viewing under lights are: 1. the frequency and width of the barrà ©, 2. whether the streaks are dark or light, and 3. the total length of pattern repeat. Ultraviolet light, commonly referred to as black light, allows the presence of mineral oils to be more easily detected, due to their radiant energy (glow). When observed under UV light, fabrics with streaks that exhibit glow suggest improper or insufficient preparation. A change in composition or content of oil/wax by the spinner or knitter without appropriate adjustments in scouring can create this problem. Fluorescent lighting simulates the mode of observation that is common to most inspection tables in mills and will highlight whether the barrà © is perceivable in an industry quality control setting. Atlas Streak Analyzer The function of the Atlas Streak Analyzer is to isolate barrà © caused by physical differences. A fabric swatch is combined with polystyrene sheet film, and the Atlas Streak Analyzer produces a plastic impression of a fabric surface by incorporating specific conditions of pressure and heat. The absence of color on the plastic impression ensures that only physical streak effects will be seen. The plastic impression is examined to determine whether the streak alignment matches the 3 streaks observed on the fabric. However, impressions made from spun yarns such as cotton can be difficult to read due to the inherent yarn variation characteristic of spun yarns. Also, a too rapid cooling of the test specimen after making an impression can produce a moirà © pattern. From a valid plastic impression, the barrà © source can be identified as: 1. physical with all streaks showing on the impression, 2. optical or dyeability variations where none of the color streaks are aligned on the impression, and 3. a combination of physical and dyeability differences where some streaks align with those on the impression, and some do not. Fabrics with combination causes present the greatest challenge for analysis. If the streak analyzer indicates the same barrà © pattern as seen in the fabric, then the barrà © stripes are physical in nature. This can relate to several physical causes such as yarn tensions, stitch length, yarn count, twist differences, etc. Yarn tension causes can be found by raveling adjacent courses and measuring the lengths of yarn removed from each course. If all the lengths raveled from the fabric are the same, the pieces can be weighed to determine if the yarn counts are the same. 4 If the plastic replica shows no stripes, then the barrà © is due to chemical causes or to light reflectance differences. Chemical causes relate to improper preparation, and light reflectance differences relate to non-uniform dyestuff penetration or reflectance. The next step is to remove the color and evaluate the stripped sample before re-dyeing to determine if the removal of dye was complete and if the barrà © is still present. An uneven or incomplete stripping can indicate an additional strip. If the color is stripped uniformly and the barrà © is gone, then the sample should be re-dyed. If after stripping and over dyeing the fabric no longer has barrà ©, then the barrà © was caused by improper preparation. If the barrà © remains, then the problem is related to optical or light reflectance problems. PHYSICAL BARRÉ ANALYSIS When the cause of barrà © is determined or presumed to be physical in nature, physical fabric analysis should be done. Physical barrà © causes are generally considered to be those which can be linked to yarn or machine differences. Methods of physical barrà © analysis include fabric dissection, microscopy, and the Roselon Knit Extension Tester. Fabric Dissection To perform accurate fabric dissection analysis, a fabric sample that contains several barrà © repetitions is required. First, the barrà © streak boundaries are marked by the placement of straight pins and/or felt markers. Individual yarns are removed from light and dark streak sections, and twist level, twist direction, and cut length 5 weight determinations are made and recorded. For reliable mean values to be established, data should be collected from at least two light/dark repeats. After compilation of yarn information, the numbers can be compared individually to adjacent yarns as well as by groupings of light and dark shades. Microscopy Microscopic examination is useful for verifying yarn-spinning systems. Yarns from different spinning systems can have different light reflectance and dye absorption properties resulting in barrà © when mixed. Ring-spinning produces yarn that is smooth with all fibers twisted in a tight helix. Open-end spinning produces yarn with wrapper fibers that form a belt around the diameter of the yarn at irregular intervals. Air jet spinning produces yarn with more wrapper fibers that form a continuous spiraling band around the inner fibers that are more parallel to the axis of the yarn. Microscopy can also reveal a shift in loop formation in knitted fabrics when twist direction (S and Z) differences are present. Roselon Knit Extension Tester2 Barrà © produced by knitting machinery is relatively common, is the easiest to see in the greige, and is the easiest to correct. Often uneven yarn tension during knitting may be a cause. To test for uneven tension, the Roselon Knit Extension Tester can be used. For this test, a fabric sample is cut and raveled to yield yarn samples from light and dark streak areas. The yarn ends are taped and clamped 2 Source: Spinlon Industries Incorporated, 18 S. Fifth Street, Quakertown, Pennsylvania 18951 6 to the tester. As each yarn is stretched to the maximum extension point, the points are plotted on graph paper. Comparisons are usually made visually rather than mathematically. CAUSES OF BARRÉ The varied and diverse causes of barrà © can generally be summed up in one word INCONSISTENCY. An inconsistency that leads to barrà © can originate in one or more of the following categories: ! fiber quality/raw material management, ! yarn formation/supply management, ! knitting processes, and ! preparation and dyeing techniques Fiber Quality/Raw Material Management 1. Failure to control fiber diameter (micronaire or denier) from laydown to laydown. 2. Too high a C.V. of micronaire in the laydown for a given mills opening line blending efficiency. 3. Failure to control the fiber color in the mix (grayness Rd, yellowness +b). 4. Failure to control maturity/fineness in a laydown 5. Most, if not all, fiber barrà © can be controlled by the above four items; however, under certain unusual circumstances, it may be beneficial to also select mixes using ultraviolet reflectance information for each bale of cotton. 7 Micronaire Average micronaire must be controlled within a laydown and from laydown to laydown. Controlling average micronaire in the laydown may not be sufficient to completely eliminate barrà ©. Other micronaire related causes of barrà © are: ! > 0.2 difference in micronaire. ! > 0.1 change in mix-to-mix average micronaire. ! > 12.0 % CV of micronaire within the laydown. It may be necessary to change the laydown averages periodically to make use of all the bales in the warehouse. This must be done slowly with no more than a 0.1 change in mix-to-mix averages. Figure 1 shows acceptable changes in micronaire from laydown to laydown. No barrà © from micronaire differences should show in knitted fabrics when yarns are mixed on the knitting machine from consecutive laydowns. However, if laydowns vary more than 0.1 micronaire, for example laydowns #1 (4.3 mic.) and #6 (4.6 mic.) in Figure 1, then barrà © is much more likely to occur. 8 Figure 1: Slowing Changing Micronaire Average in Laydown Acceptable Change in Micronaire From Laydown to Laydown3.53.63.73.83.94.04.14.24.34.44.51234567891011121314Laydown NumberMicronarie Figure 2 shows a high CV% in the micronaire for bales within a laydown. The laydown shown has 24 bales with an average of 4.1 micronaire and a CV% of 17.7. The change in micronaire from bale to bale is more than a 0.1 change. Also, the CV% is more than 12.0% and would probably result in barrà ©. High Micronaire CV% in Laydown3.53.73.94.14.34.54.7123456789101112131415161718192021222324Bale NumberMicronaireAvg. 4.1 CV% 17.7 * Figure 2: Results of Changing the Micronaire Average too Rapidly Max +/- 1.0 mic 9 Maturity and Fineness Although micronaire gives an indication of fiber maturity, it does not directly measure that property. Maturity and fineness related causes of barrà © include: ! Blending cotton from different growth areas or seed varieties. ! Immature fiber content such as white specks, neps, etc. Yarn Formation/Supply Even with proper fiber selection to reduce raw material effects on barrà ©, techniques in the opening, cleaning, blending, and carding areas can have an impact on barrà ©. These variations can occur at carding where different amounts of non-lint content removal from card to card can be a problem. Poor blending of fiber from opening through finisher drawing cannot be overlooked. In ring spinning, the running of different types of spindle tapes and the use of different cots or new and used cots mixed together on the same frame can create barrà ©. Faulty management in the spinning plant can result in the following yarn related causes of barrà ©: 1. Yarn count variations. 2. Yarn twist variation. 3. Wrong yarn size, color, blend level, twist direction. 4. Mixed yarn lots. 5. Mixed shipment dates of same dye lot. 10 6. Uneven waxing or oiling of yarn 7. Improper conditioning. Knitting Processes and Yarn Management The set-up and operation of a knitting machine is complex and requires precision settings to produce first quality goods. Machine related causes of barrà © include: 1. Different stitch settings (stitch lengths). 2. Improper tension at a feed. 3. Faulty cylinder or dial cam settings. 4. Malfunctioning of storage or tape feeders. 5. Improper threading of yarn. 6. Variations at take-down or spreader system. 7. Machine vibration. 8. Dirt, lint, and/or yarn fragments in the camming system, tricks, needles, or sinkers. 9. Variation in oil content. 10. Worn needles, which generally produce length direction streaks. 11. Uneven cylinder height needles (wavy barrà ©). 12. Worn cylinder and/or dial. Even with a properly set-up machine, barrà © can still occur at knitting due to poor yarn management. Examples of poor yarn management at knitting include: 11 1. Mixing yarns of different counts. 2. Mixing yarns from different spinning systems. 3. Mixing yarns with different blend levels. 4. Mixing yarns from different suppliers. 5. Mixing yarns with different twist level/twist direction. 6. Mixing yarns with different degrees of hairiness. 7. Mixing yarns with different amounts of wax. 8. Mercerization differences. 9. Excessive backwinding or abrasion during this process. 10. If yarns are conditioned, then each lot must be uniformly conditioned. Preparation and Dyeing Techniques Normally, dyehouses have standard preparation procedures and formulas that work very well in terms of removal of non-fibrous contaminants and natural fiber pigmentation. However, some fabrics can exhibit barrà © that is caused by either optical or dyeability issues. Often, the barrà © is not created in dyeing, but can be highlighted. In this scenario, the dyeing is not the cause but the messenger of the problem. Typically, barrà © is not a problem in whites, only in dyed fabrics. Therefore, if a fabric is known to have barrà ©, then that roll should be processed into a white. 12 Preparation can help mask barrà ©, but cannot and will not eliminate it. The cause of the barrà © must be eliminated for future rolls to be free of the defect. The scour and/or bleach procedure can be intensified to mask the barrà ©. This can be done by combinations of using a higher temperature or longer processing times. Usually the chemistry will remain the same; however, in some cases, it may have to be increased or changed. If any changes are made in the preparation procedure, the fabric and resultant shade will possibly change in whiteness, strength, and appearance. In fact, the whiteness will almost always change. If whiter, the old dye formula will need to be adjusted. The strength of the fabric may be affected to the point where it becomes a problem. Finally, the surface of the fabric may change so that it may not match previous lots. As a result of more aggressive preparation to cover barrà ©, it is important to evaluate such changes on small samples in the lab or a sample machine. Tension can play an integral role in not only the formation of the fabric, but also during preparation, dyeing, and finishing. As with all variables, it must be controlled to known parameters and be consistent. Any inconsistencies in tension could change the morphology of the cotton (i.e. during mercerization), level of dye pick- 13 up, or surface appearance (i.e. during mechanical finishing such as brushing or sanding). PREVENTION OF BARRÉ As discussed in the text, barrà © is caused by inconsistencies in materials, equipment, or processing. To prevent barrà © from occurring, consistency must be maintained through all phases of textile production. Stock yarns should be properly and carefully labeled to avoid mix-ups. Fugitive tints and/or marked cones can be useful for accurate yarn segregation. Inventory should be controlled on a first in/first out basis. All equipment should be properly maintained and periodically checked. In spinning and knitting before beginning full-scale production, sample dyeings can be done to check for barrà ©. Knit machine operators should be trained to look for barrà © as it occurs in the greige. If spotted, the machine should be stopped until the cause is eliminated. Salvaging a fabric lot with a barrà © problem may be possible through careful dye selection. Color differences can be masked by using shades with very low light reflectance (navy blue, black) or high light reflectance (light yellow, orange, or finished white). Dye suppliers should be able to offer assistance in this area. Also, if the cause of the barrà © is an uneven distribution of oil or wax, a more thorough preparation of the fabric before dyeing may result in more uniform dye coverage. 14 With close cooperation between production and quality control personnel, barrà © problems can be successfully analyzed and solved. Recommendations to minimize barrà © include: ! Knit an entire dye lot from the same knitting machine. ! Use only yarn from the same spinning lot. ! Use only from the same shipment date if possible. ! If yarn shipment dates must be mixed, then use consecutive shipment dates. ! Determine through laboratory analysis and experience if the preparation procedures are sufficient or can they be modified to eliminate the problem. ! Determine if some shades and dyestuffs are less susceptible to showing barrà ©, and apply those to problem fabrics. ! Make use of yarn/fabric analysis systems such as CYROS ®. ! Identify those rolls within a dye lot that have mixed yarn shipment dates so that it is known when the fabrics go through the dyehouse. ! Identify dye lots that have rolls from different yarn shipments before dyeing. CASE STUDY IN BARRÉ A 100% cotton, ring-spun single jersey style T-shirt is knitting in production with a yarn that does not have a barrà © problem. This style has been knitting for numerous days and no more of the yarn is available for creeling on the machine as the yarns are knitting out. Some yarn packages are skinners and others are full five-pound packages. The machine is 24-inch diameter with 80 feeds. 15 When the new yarn is creeled onto one of the 80 positions, the mixing of yarn shipment dates begins to take place. For this discussion, we will assume that this new yarn will cause barrà © when mixed with the old yarn. Once all positions are knitting the new yarn, there will be no barrà ©. How many rolls of fabric will have barrà © when both these yarns are present in the rolls? If the knitter is making 50 pound rolls, then each yarn package will supply 1/80th of the 50-pound roll or 0.625 pounds of yarn. Therefore, the new yarn will make 8.0 rolls of fabric with barrà © (5-pound package divided by 0.625 pounds per package for a 50 pound roll). It is important to realize that while this new package is knitting, other old yarn positions on the creel are also being replaced by new yarns. By the time the first new package has knitted out, all feeds will be using the new yarn. When the last old package is replaced and all positions have new yarn, the barrà © will disappear. Often, many machines will be knitting the same style. If ten machines are knitting this style and are using the old yarn and new yarns are placed on these 80 feed machines, then the total number of rolls knitted with barrà © will be 80. A total of 4,000 pounds of fabric will be made with barrà ©. If the style in question weighs 5.8 ounces per linear yarn, then a total of 11,035 yards of fabric will be made. Further, if it can be assumed that each yard of fabric can make 1.2 shirts, then a total of 13,240 defective T-shirts will be made. This is 1,103 dozen 16 garments. If the cost per shirt is $2.05 per unit, then a loss of $27,142 plus is realized. If open-end yarn was used for this case study instead of ring-spun yarns, then 8-pound packages of yarn could be used. This would result in 128 rolls containing 6,400 pounds and 17,655 yards of fabric. From this, 21,186 T-shirts (1766 dozens) would have been made. Based on a cost per shirt of $1.86, the loss would be $39,405. The result is that bigger packages mean bigger losses. The best methods to reduce the possibility of this catastrophe are listed below: 1. When mixing yarn shipment dates of only one week, try to reduce the number of machines using the old and new yarns. 2. As more machines are expending the old yarn, consolidate the old packages to fewer machines. This means removing the yarns from one creel and using them on other machines that are still knitting the old yarn. 3. Knit dye lots from a single machine if possible. 4. When a roll is known to have mixed yarns, a laboratory dyeing should be done on a swatch from the roll to determine if barrà © is present. If not, then proceed as normal. If barrà © is present, then the roll should be processed in 17 shades that are not known to be barrà © sensitive or prepared with more aggressive chemistry. CONCLUSIONS It is evident that barrà © is a problem that results from inconsistencies and is a result of poor management of fiber, yarn, and/or related knitting processes. The spinner, the knitter, and the dyer must communicate and work as a team to reduce the potential for barrà © to occur. A well planned and executed system of monitoring the spinning, knitting, dyeing, and finishing systems in the mill can provide for defect free fabrics. 18